Gore ra1900 risati rasvika, vakadzi vaipedza nguva yakawanda yemasikati vachisona mbatya dzavo nemhuri dzavo nemaoko.Vakadzi ndivo vakaumbawo ruzhinji rwevashandi vaisona mbatya mumafekitari uye vairuka machira muzvigayo.Kugadzirwa uye kuwanda kwemuchina wokusonesa kwakasunungura vakadzi pabasa iri, kwakasunungura vashandi kubva pamaawa akareba asingabhadharwi zvakanaka mumafekitari, uye kwakagadzira mbatya dzakasiyana-siyana dzisingadhuri.Muchina wekusonesa weindasitiri wakagadzira huwandu hwezvigadzirwa zvinogoneka uye zvinokwanisika.Michina yekusonesa yepamba uye inotakurika yakaunzawo vasoneri vebasa kuti vafarire kusona semhizha.

Mapiyona mukugadzirwa kwemuchina wokusonesa akanga achishanda nesimba pakupera kwezana remakore rechigumi nemasere muEngland, France, uye United States.Mugadziri weKabhineti wechiRungu Thomas Saint akagadzira patent yekutanga yemuchina wekusonesa muna 1790. Dehwe necanvas zvaigona kusonanidzwa nemuchina unorema uyu, waishandisa tsono neawl kugadzira cheni.Kufanana nemichina yakawanda yekare, yakakopa kufamba kwemaoko ekusona.Muna 1807, hunyanzvi hwakakosha hwakapihwa patent naWilliam naEdward Chapman muEngland.Muchina wavo wekusonesa waishandisa tsono ine ziso painoperera tsono panzvimbo pepamusoro.

MuFrance, muchina waBarthelémy Thimmonier wakapa mvumo muna 1830 wakakonzera mhirizhonga.Musona weFrench, Thimmonier akagadzira muchina waisonanidza jira pamwechete nekusonanidzwa cheni netsono yakakombama.Fekitari yake yaigadzira mayunifomu eMauto eFrance uye yakanga ine michina makumi masere yaishanda pakasvika 1841. Mhomho yevasoni vakadzingwa nefekitari yakaita mhirizhonga, yakaparadza michina, uye yakapotsa yauraya Thimmonier.

Mhiri kweAtlantic, Walter Hunt akagadzira muchina une tsono yakanongedza ziso iyo yakagadzira musono wakakiiwa neshinda yechipiri kubva pasi.Muchina weHunt, wakagadzirwa muna 1834, hauna kumbobvira wapihwa patent.Elias Howe, akanzi ndiye muvambi wemuchina wokusonesa, akagadzira uye akapa kodzero yemvumo yezvaakasika muna 1846. Howe aishanda pane imwe chitoro chemuchina muBoston uye akanga achiedza kutsigira mhuri yake.Shamwari yake yakamubatsira mune zvemari achinatsiridza kugadzirwa kwake, uko kwakagadzirawo kiyi yekiyi nokushandisa tsono yakanongedza ziso uye bhobho raitakura shinda yechipiri.Howe akaedza kutengesa muchina wake muEngland, asi, paakanga ari mhiri kwemakungwa, vamwe vakatevedzera zvaakagadzira.Paakadzoka muna 1849, akatsigirwa zvakare mune zvemari apo akamhan'arira mamwe makambani nekuda kwekukanganisa kwepatent.Pakazosvika 1854, akange akunda masutu, nekudaro akamisa muchina wekusonesa sechinhu chakakosha mukushanduka kwemutemo wepatent.

Mukuru wevakwikwidzi vaHowe aive Isaac M. Singer, muvambi, mutambi, uye makanika akashandura dhizaini isina kunaka yakagadzirwa nevamwe uye akawana patent yake muna 1851. Magadzirirwo ake aive neruoko rwakarembera rwakaisa tsono pamusoro petafura yakati sandara kuitira kuti jira rive. yaigona kushandiswa pasi pebhawa mune chero nzira.Mapatent akawanda emhando dzakasiyana dzemichina yekusonesa akange aburitswa kutanga kwema1850s zvekuti "patent pool" yakavambwa nevagadziri vana kuitira kuti kodzero dzepatents dzakabatanidzwa dzitengwe.Howe akabatsirwa kubva pane izvi nekuwana zvikwereti pamatendi ake;Muimbi, akabatana naEdward Clark, akabatanidza zvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro uye akava mugadziri mukuru wemichina yekusonesa pasi rose pakasvika 1860. Mirairo mikuru yemayunifomu eHondo Yenyika yakakonzera kudiwa kukuru kwemichina muma1860, uye dziva repatent. vakaita Howe naSinger vanyori vekutanga miriyoni munyika.

Kuvandudzwa kwemuchina wokusonesa kwakaenderera mberi kusvika kuma1850.Allen B. Wilson, mugadziri wemakabati wekuAmerica, akagadzira zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha, iyo rotary hook shuttle uye ina-inofamba (kumusoro, pasi, kumashure, uye mberi) chikafu chejira kuburikidza nemuchina.Muimbi akashandura kugadzirwa kwake kusvika pakufa kwake muna 1875 uye akawana mamwe mapeji akawanda ekuvandudza uye zvitsva.Sezvo Howe akachinja nyika patent, Singer akaita nhanho huru mukutengesa.Kuburikidza nehurongwa hwekutenga zvidimbu, chikwereti, basa rekugadzirisa, uye mutemo wekutengeserana, Singer akaunza muchina wekusonesa kudzimba dzakawanda uye akatanga nzira dzekutengesa dzakatorwa nevatengesi kubva kune mamwe maindasitiri.

Muchina wekusona wakashandura chiso cheindasitiri nekugadzira munda mutsva wembatya dzakagadzirira-kupfeka.Kuvandudzwa kweindasitiri yemakapeti, kusunga mabhuku, bhutsu neshangu kutengesa, kugadzira hosiery, uye upholstery nekugadzira fenicha zvakapetwa nekushandiswa kwemuchina wekusona weindasitiri.Michina yemaindasitiri yakashandisa iyo swing-tsono kana zigzag stitch pamberi pe1900, kunyangwe zvakatora makore mazhinji kuti musono uyu ugadziriswe kumuchina wepamba.Michina yekusonesa yemagetsi yakatanga kuunzwa naSinger muna 1889. Midziyo yemazuva ano yemagetsi inoshandisa tekinoroji yekombuta kugadzira mabuttonholes, maembroidery, seams akafukidzira, mapofu ekusona, uye mutsara wekushongedza.

Industrial muchina

Michina yekusonesa yeindasitiri inoda simbi yakakandwa pamafuremu avo uye nemhando dzakasiyana dzesimbi dzekuisa kwavo.Simbi, ndarira, uye akati wandei alloys anodiwa kugadzira zvidimbu zvine hunyanzvi zvinogara zvakakwana kwemaawa akawanda ekushandiswa mumamiriro efekitori.Vamwe vagadziri vanokanda, muchina, uye turusi mativi avo esimbi;asi vatengesi vanopawo zvikamu izvi pamwe chete nepneumatic, magetsi, uye magetsi.

Muchina wekusonesa kumba

Kusiyana nemuchina weindasitiri, muchina wekusonesa wepamba unokosheswa nekusiyana-siyana, kuchinjika, uye kutakurika.Dzimba dzakareruka dzakakosha, uye michina mizhinji yemumba ine macasings akagadzirwa nemapurasitiki nemapolymers akareruka, ari nyore kuumba, ari nyore kuchenesa, uye anoramba kutsemuka nekutsemuka.Iyo furemu yemuchina wepamba inogadzirwa nejekiseni-yakaumbwa aluminium, zvakare kune huremu kufunga.Mamwe masimbi, akadai semhangura, chrome, uye nickel anoshandiswa kuveza zvikamu zvakati.

Muchina wepamba unodawo mota yemagetsi, akasiyana siyana-akagadzirwa simbi masimbi anosanganisira magiya ekudyisa, macamera machira, hoko, tsono, uye tsono bhara, tsoka dzekutsikirira, uye main drive shaft.Mabhobhi anogona kugadzirwa nesimbi kana epurasitiki asi anofanirwa kunyatsoumbwa kuti adyise shinda yechipiri zvakanaka.Mabhodhi edunhu anodiwawo zvakananga kune makuru ekutonga emuchina, pateni uye mapikicha akasarudzwa, uye huwandu hwezvimwe zvinhu.Motors, simbi dzakagadzirwa zvikamu, uye mabhodhi edunhu anogona kupihwa nevatengesi kana kugadzirwa nevagadziri.

Industrial muchina

Mushure memotokari, muchina wekusonesa ndiwo muchina wakanyatsogadzirwa munyika.Michina yekusonesa yeindasitiri yakakura uye inorema kupfuura michina yemumba uye yakagadzirirwa kuita basa rimwe chete.Vagadziri vezvipfeko, semuenzaniso, vanoshandisa nhevedzano yemichina ine mabasa akasiyana ayo, mukutevedzana, anogadzira chipfeko chakapedzwa.Michina yemaindasitiri zvakare inowanzoisa cheni kana zigzag stitch pane kukiya, asi michina inogona kuisirwa kusvika pfumbamwe shinda kuti iwane simba.

Vagadziri vemichina yemaindasitiri vanogona kupa muchina-unoshanda mumwechete kumazana akati wandei emiti yembatya pasi rese.Nekuda kweizvozvo, kuyedza-mumunda mufekitori yemutengi chinhu chakakosha mukugadzira.Kugadzira muchina mutsva kana kuita shanduko mune yazvino modhi, vatengi vanoongororwa, makwikwi anoongororwa, uye chimiro cheinodiwa kuvandudzwa (senge inokurumidza kana yakanyarara michina) inozivikanwa.Madhizaini anodhirowa, uye prototype inogadzirwa uye inoedzwa muchirimwa chemutengi.Kana iyo prototype ichigutsa, chikamu cheinjiniya yekugadzira chinotora dhizaini yekubatanidza kushivirira kwezvikamu, kuona zvikamu zvinogadzirwa mukati-mumba uye zvigadzirwa zvinodiwa, tsvaga zvikamu zvinopihwa nevatengesi, uye tenga izvo zvikamu.Zvishandiso zvekugadzira, zvigadziriso zvemutsetse wekusangana, zvidziviriro zvekuchengetedza zvemuchina uye mutsara wekusangana, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvekugadzira maitiro zvinofanirwawo kugadzirwa pamwe chete nemuchina wacho.

Kana dhizaini yapera uye zvikamu zvese zviripo, yekutanga dhizaini kumhanya inorongwa.Iyo yekutanga yakagadzirwa yakawanda inotariswa zvakanyatsonaka.Kakawanda, shanduko dzinozivikanwa, dhizaini inodzoserwa pakukura, uye nzira yacho inodzokororwa kusvikira chigadzirwa ichigutsa.Chiyero chemichina gumi kana makumi maviri chinozoburitswa kumutengi kuti ashandise mukugadzira kwemwedzi mitatu kusvika kumitanhatu.Miedzo yakadaro yemunda inoratidza chishandiso pasi pemamiriro chaiwo, mushure mezvo kugadzirwa kwakakura kunogona kutanga.

Muchina wekusonesa kumba

Dhizaini yemuchina wemba inotanga mumba.Mapoka anotariswa nevatengi anodzidza kubva kumasuweji mhando dzezvinhu zvitsva zvinonyanya kudiwa.Dhipatimendi rekutsvagisa nekusimudzira (R&D) remugadziri rinoshanda, rakabatana nedhipatimendi rekushambadzira, kugadzira zvirevo zvemuchina mutsva unozogadzirwa se prototype.Software yekugadzira muchina inogadzirwa, uye mamodheru anoshanda anogadzirwa uye anoedzwa nevashandisi.Zvichakadaro, mainjiniya eR&D anoedza mamodhi ekushanda kuti agare uye anomisa maitiro anobatsira ehupenyu.Murabhoritari yekusonesa, kunaka kwekusona kunoongororwa chaiko, uye kumwe kuedzwa kwekuita kunoitwa pasi pemamiriro akadzorwa.

Kadhi rekutengesa ra1899 reSinger michina yekusona.

(Kubva muunganidzwa weHenry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village.)

Isaac Merritt Singer haana kugadzira muchina wokusona.Akanga asiri kana makanika, asi mutambi webasa.Saka, chii chakaitwa naSinger chakaita kuti zita rake rifanane nemichina yekusona?

Hungwaru hwaSinger hwaive mumushandirapamwe wake wekushambadzira wakasimba, waitungamirwa kubva pakutanga kuvakadzi uye waida kurwisa mafungiro ekuti vakadzi vaisagona uye vaisagona kushandisa michina.Singer paakaunza michina yake yekutanga yekusonesa imba muna 1856, akatarisana nekupokana kubva kumhuri dzeAmerica nekuda kwezvikonzero zvemari uye zvepfungwa.Aitove shamwari yaSinger mubhizinesi, Edward Clark, akagadzira hurongwa hwe "hire/kutenga" kudzikisa kusada kwekutanga pazvikonzero zvemari.Urongwa uhwu hwakabvumira mhuri dzaisakwanisa kuwana mari ye$125 yemuchina mutsva wokusonesa (avhareji yemari yemhuri yaingoenzana nemadhora mazana mashanu chete) kutenga muchina wacho nokubhadhara muzvikamu zvemadhora matatu kusvika kushanu pamwedzi.

Zvipingamupinyi zvepfungwa zvakaratidza kuti zvakaoma kukunda.Midziyo inochengetedza basa mumba yaive pfungwa nyowani muma1850s.Ko vakadzi vangadei michina iyi?Vaizoita sei nenguva yakachengetwa?Basa harina kuitwa nemaoko emhando yepamusoro here?Michina yakanga isinganyanyi kunetsa pfungwa nemiviri yevakadzi, uye yakanga isinganyanyi kunyanyobatanidzwa nebasa romunhu nenyika yomunhu kunze kwomusha here?Muimbi haana kuneta akaronga mazano ekurwisa mafungiro aya, kusanganisira kushambadza zvakananga kuvakadzi.Akagadzira dzimba dzeshoo dzemaoresa dzaitevedzera dzimba dzepamba dzinoyevedza;akashandisa vakadzi kuratidzira uye kudzidzisa mashandiro emichina;uye akashandisa kushambadzira kutsanangura kuti kuwedzera kwevakadzi nguva yekusununguka kwaigona kuonekwa sei sechinhu chakanaka.

Donna R. Braden

Kana muchina mutsva watenderwa kugadzirwa, mainjiniya echigadzirwa anogadzira nzira dzekugadzira dzekugadzira zvikamu zvemuchina.Vanozivisawo zvinhu zvisingagawirwi zvinodiwa uye zvikamu zvinofanira kuodwa kubva kunze.Zvikamu zvinogadzirwa mufekitari zvinoiswa mukugadzirwa nekukurumidza kana zvinhu uye zvirongwa zvave kuwanikwa.

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